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decay or the rate of other cumulative changes in atoms resulting from radioactivity. The various isotopes of the same element differ in terms of atomic mass but have the same atomic number..One half-life is the amount of time required for of the original atoms in a sample to decay.The atoms of crystalline solids, such as pottery and rock, can be altered by this radiation.Specifically, the electrons of quartz, feldspar, diamond, or calcite crystals can become displaced from their normal positions in atoms and trapped in imperfections in the crystal lattice of the clay molecules.As a result, there is a changing ratio of carbon-14 to the more atomically stable carbon-12 involves actually counting individual carbon-14 atoms.

When odd numbers of electrons are separated, there is a measurable change in the magnetic field (or spin) of the atoms.

The methods that are used depend on the presumed age of the site from which they were excavated.

For instance, if a site is believed to be over 100,000 years old, dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating could not be used.

Such contamination can occur if a sample is exposed to carbon compounds in exhaust gasses produced by.

In addition, any argon that existed prior to the last time the rock was molten will have been driven off by the intense heat.

In the example below, the bone must date to sometime between 1.75 and 1.5 million years ago.